At A Glance
Noteworthy Characteristics
- Measures breastfeeding-related maternity practices in US maternity care facilities.
- Had >80% response rate across survey years.
- Census survey of hospitals and birthing centers. Data available for all 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.
Website
http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/data/mpinc/index.htm
Purpose
Census survey of hospitals and birthing centers. Data available for all 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Island Territories (American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands).
Target Population
Facilities providing regular maternity care in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the U.S. territories.
Conducted
Began in 2007. Conducted every other year.
Sponsor
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Special Note(s)
Information is obtained from an individual at the maternity care facility who has been identified as having the most knowledge regarding the facility’s maternity and infant feeding practices and policies.
Sampling
Sample Design
Census of all U.S. maternity care facilities that routinely provide intrapartum care.
Sample Size
Approximately 2700 maternity care facilities across survey years. Sampling was not performed because the survey was designed to include all hospitals and birth centers that provide intrapartum care in the U.S. and its territories. The response rate was >80% across survey years.
Key Variables
Diet-Related
| Name | Methods of Assessment |
|---|---|
| Human milk feeding of infants in neonatal intensive care units | Interview/questionnaire |
| Provision of discharge packs containing infant formula | Interview/questionnaire |
| Practices related to breastfeeding assistance | Interview/questionnaire |
| Practices related to postpartum feeding of infants | Interview/questionnaire |
| Staff breastfeeding training and education | Interview/questionnaire |
| Structural and organizational factors related to breastfeeding and maternity care | Interview/questionnaire |
| Types of breastfeeding support following discharge | Interview/questionnaire |
Sleep-Related
| Name | Methods of Assessment |
|---|---|
| Schedule-related sleep environment: Family eating schedules | Questionnaire |
| Sleep and health conditions: Sleep as a risk factor of SIDS (infant sleep position) | Questionnaire |
| Sleep-related policies: Other (hospital policies) | Questionnaire |
| Social sleep environment: Sleep location (e.g., living room) | Questionnaire |
Other
| Name | Methods of Assessment |
|---|---|
| Practices related to labor and delivery | Interview/questionnaire |
| Practices related to mother/infant contact | Interview/questionnaire |
| Selected characteristics of the maternity care facility (i.e., number of births per year) | Interview/questionnaire |
Data Access and Cost
Data Availability
To request mPINC data, send an email to mpinc@cdc.gov. Those wishing to use the mPINC data must provide a description of the proposed research and complete a data use agreement.
Cost
Free of charge.
Geocode/Linkage
Geocode Variable(s)
State.
Existing Linkages
None found.
Selected Publications
Allen JA, Perrine CG, Scanlon KS. Breastfeeding Supportive Hospital Practices in the U.S. Differ by County Urbanization Level. J Hum Lact. 2015;31(3):440-443.
Boundy EO, Perrine CG, Nelson JM, et al. Disparities in Hospital-Reported Breast Milk Use in Neonatal Intensive Care Units – United States, 2015. MMWR 2017;66(48):1313-1317.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Progress in Increasing Breastfeeding and Reducing Racial/Ethnic Differences – United States, 2000-2008 Births. MMWR 2013;62(05);77-80.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Breastfeeding-related maternity practices at hospitals and birth centers — United States, 2007. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2008;57(23):621-625.
Edwards RA, Dee D, Umer A, et al. Using Benchmarking Techniques and the 2011 Maternity Practices Infant Nutrition and Care (mPINC) Survey to Improve Performance among Peer Groups across the United States. J Hum Lact 2014;30:31-40.
Li CM, Li R, Ashley CG, et al. Association of Hospital Staff Training and Policies with Early Breastfeeding Practices. J Hum Lact 2014;30(1):88-96.
Lind JN, Perrine CG, Li R, et al. Racial Disparities in Access to Maternity Care Practices That Support Breastfeeding – United States, 2011. MMWR 2014;63(33):725-28.
Nelson JM, Li R, Perrine CG. Trends of U.S. Hospitals Distributing Infant Formula Packs to Breastfeeding Mothers, 2007 to 2013. Pediatrics 2015;135(6):1051-6.
Nelson JM, Perrine CG, Scanlon KS, et al. Provision of Non-Breast Milk Supplements to Healthy Breastfed Newborns in U.S. Hospitals, 2009 to 2013. Matern Child Health J. 2016;20(11):2228-2232.
Perrine CG, Galuska DA, Dohack JL, et al. Vital Signs: Improvements in Maternity Care Policies and Practices That Support Breastfeeding – United States, 2007 – 2013. MMWR 2015;64(39):1112-7.
Spatz DL. What is your mPINC score? MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 2016;41(4):254.
Resources
Introduction to mPINC: http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/data/mpinc/maternity-care-practices.htm
mPINC Questionnaires: http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/data/mpinc/questionnaires.htm
mPINC Scores: http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/data/mpinc/scoring.htm
mPINC Data Tables: http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/data/mpinc/results-tables.htm
