Abstract
Citation
O'Connor TM, Cerin E, Hughes SO, Robles J, Thompson DI, Mendoza JA, Baranowski T, Lee RE. Psychometrics of the preschooler physical activity parenting practices instrument among a Latino sample. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2014 Jan 15;11:3.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Latino preschoolers (3-5 year old children) have among the highest rates of obesity. Low levels of physical activity (PA) are a risk factor for obesity. Characterizing what Latino parents do to encourage or discourage their preschooler to be physically active can help inform interventions to increase their PA. The objective was therefore to develop and assess the psychometrics of a new instrument: the Preschooler Physical Activity Parenting Practices (PPAPP) among a Latino sample, to assess parenting practices used to encourage or discourage PA among preschool-aged children. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 240 Latino parents who reported the frequency of using PA parenting practices. 95% of respondents were mothers; 42% had more than a high school education. Child mean age was 4.5 (±0.9) years (52% male). Test-retest reliability was assessed in 20%, 2 weeks later. We assessed the fit of a priori models using Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA). In a separate sub-sample (35%), preschool-aged children wore accelerometers to assess associations with their PA and PPAPP subscales. RESULTS: The a-priori models showed poor fit to the data. A modified factor structure for encouraging PPAPP had one multiple-item scale: engagement (15 items), and two single-items (have outdoor toys; not enroll in sport-reverse coded). The final factor structure for discouraging PPAPP had 4 subscales: promote inactive transport (3 items), promote screen time (3 items), psychological control (4 items) and restricting for safety (4 items). Test-retest reliability (ICC) for the two scales ranged from 0.56-0.85. Cronbach's alphas ranged from 0.5-0.9. Several sub-factors correlated in the expected direction with children's objectively measured PA. CONCLUSION: The final models for encouraging and discouraging PPAPP had moderate to good fit, with moderate to excellent test-retest reliabilities. The PPAPP should be further evaluated to better assess its associations with children's PA and offers a new tool for measuring PPAPP among Latino families with preschool-aged children.
Full Text
The full text is available at https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-11-3
At A Glance
Individual Physical Activity Behavior Variables
| Expenditure |
|---|
| Travel Walking |
| Leisure Walking |
| Behavior |
|---|
| Sports/Recreation |
Domain(s)
Individual Physical Activity Behavior
Measure Type
Questionnaire
Measure Availability
Measure included in article
Number of Items
38 Reported
Study location
Metro/Urban
Texas, Harris County
Languages
English
Spanish
Information about Development of Measure
The Preschooler Physical Activity Parenting Practices (PPAPP) for Latino Preschoolers questionnaire was based on a qualitative formative study with Latino parents of preschool children, and research on parental influences on child physical activity (PA). Five groups of Latino mothers were asked to identify what Latino parents do to encourage their preschool aged child to be physically active, and five were asked to identify what Latino parents do that may discourage their preschool aged child from PA. From this, 38 items for PA parenting practices were developed.
Study Design
Study Participants
Age
2 - 5 Years
Sex
Female
Male
Race/Ethnicity
Hispanic
Predominantly Low-income/Low-SES
Yes
Sample Size
240
Study Design
Design Type
Validation/Reliability
Health Outcomes Assessed
None
Obesity Measures
Not applicable
BMI Measured or Self-reported
Not applicable
Covariates
Social influence (e.g., parent modeling)
Sociodemographic characteristics (socioeconomic status, race)
Data Reported on Race/Ethnicity
Quantitative data on study sample
Data Reported on SES
Quantitative data on study sample
SES-related Variables
Income
Education
Employment/Unemployment
How To Use
Administration
Who Administered
Third-party administered (e.g., parent/staff)
How Administered
Email/postal mail
Time Required
Not reported
Training Required
Yes, time not reported
Instructions on Use
Instructions on instrument use included in article
Data Analysis
Data Collection/Analysis Costs
Not reported
Data Collection/Protocol
Parents were asked to complete a demographic questionnaire and self-report instruments including the Preschooler Physical Activity Parenting Practices (PPAPP) survey. A sub-sample (20% of the total sample) was asked to complete the questionnaire a second time (two weeks later). A second sub-sample of parents (35%), with some overlap with the first, provided additional consent to have their 3 to 5 year old child wear data collection monitors including an accelerometer for a week.
Instructions on Data Analysis
Instructions on analysis included in article
Validity (1)
| Type of validity | Construct/subscale assessed | Criterion measure used | Test/statistic used | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Criterion | Preschooler Physical Activity Parenting Practices (PPAPP) survey, sub-scales | Accelerometer counts per minute | Partial correlation coefficients | r = -0.06, NS to 0.15, p < 0.10 |
Reliability (2)
| Type of reliability | Construct/subscale assessed | Test/statistic used | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| Test-retest | Preschooler Physical Activity Parenting Practices (PPAPP) survey, sub-scales | Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) | ICC = 0.56 to 0.85 |
| Internal Consistency | Preschooler Physical Activity Parenting Practices (PPAPP) survey, sub-scales | Cronbach's alpha | Alpha = 0.5 to 0.90 |