Abstract
Citation
Cheng C, Martin-Biggers J, Quick V, Spaccarotella K, Byrd-Bredbenner C. Validity and reliability of HOP-Up: a questionnaire to evaluate physical activity environments in homes with preschool-aged children. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2016 Aug 18;13:91.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Early identification of physical activity (PA) opportunities in the home and neighborhood environment may help obesity prevention efforts in households with young children. This cross-sectional study's purpose was to develop a brief, easy-to-use, self-report inventory called Home Opportunities for Physical activity check-Up (HOP-Up), to evaluate the availability and accessibility of PA space and equipment in and near homes with preschool children, and establish its validity and reliability. METHODS: The HOP-Up was field tested by two trained researchers and parents of preschool-aged children (n = 50; 71% white). To establish criterion validity, researchers were the 'gold standard' and visited participants' homes to assess their PA environments using the HOP-Up, while participants separately completed their HOP-Up. Two weeks later, parents completed the HOP-Up online for test-retest reliability. After minor survey refinements, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis using a split-half cross validation procedure was conducted in a larger sample of participants (n = 655, 60% white) who completed the HOP-Up online to examine its factor structure. To establish convergent validity, correlations were conducted to compare HOP-Up scales from the factor solution generated with PA behavior and cognitions, and reported screen time. RESULTS: Intra-class correlations (ICCs) examining HOP-Up item agreement between researcher and parents revealed slight to substantial agreement (range 0.22 to 0.81) for all items. ICCs for all HOP-Up items ranged from fair to substantial agreement between parent responses at both time points (range 0.42 to 0.95). Exploratory factor analysis revealed a five factor solution (18 items), supported eigen values, scree plots, review for contextual sense, and confirmatory factor analysis. Additionally, there were significant (p < 0.05) positive correlations among nearly all five HOP-Up scales with parent and child physical activity levels (range 0.08 to 0.35), and values parents placed on PA for self and child (range 0.16 to 0.35), and negative correlations of Neighborhood Space & Supports for PA scale with parent and child reported screen time (r = -0.11, r = -0.13, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Findings support the psychometric properties of this brief, easy-to-use, HOP-Up questionnaire, which may help parents, prevention researchers, residential planners, and practitioners increase their understanding of how the home environment-inside, outside, and the neighborhood- impacts preschool children's physical activity levels.
Full Text
The full text is available at https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12966-016-0417-3
At A Glance
Physical Activity Environment Variables
| # | Type of Environment/Location |
|---|---|
| 50 | Home, Inside and Immediately Outside |
| # | Scale |
|---|---|
| - | Equipment |
| Measure | objective | perceived |
|---|---|---|
| Crime/Safety | ✔ | ✔ |
| Pedestrian/Traffic Safety | ✔ | ✔ |
| Facility Adequacy/Appeal or Quality | ✔ | ✔ |
| Open Space/Greenness | ✔ | ✔ |
Individual Physical Activity Behavior Variables
| Behavior |
|---|
| Sports/Recreation |
| Active Play |
Domain(s)
Physical Activity Environment
Individual Physical Activity Behavior
Measure Type
Questionnaire
Inventory
Measure Availability
Measure included in article
Number of Items
35 Reported
Study location
Metro/Urban
Central New Jersey, USA
Languages
English
Information about Development of Measure
An extensive review of questionnaires that assess physical activity and/or sedentary activity supports identified key components of the home and near environments related to obesity risk. An item bank of pertinent questions was created and organized by location (in or outside of the home). After expert review, items were eliminated, added or changed. A scoring system and layout design for the resulting Home Opportunities for Physical activity check-Up (HOP-Up) was again subjected to expert review as well as cognitive testing and revision.
Study Design
Study Participants
Age
2 - 5 Years
Sex
Female
Male
Race/Ethnicity
Hispanic
White
Predominantly Low-income/Low-SES
Not reported
Sample Size
50
Study Design
Design Type
Validation/Reliability
Health Outcomes Assessed
None
Obesity Measures
Not applicable
BMI Measured or Self-reported
Not applicable
Covariates
Not reported
Data Reported on Race/Ethnicity
Not applicable
Data Reported on SES
Not applicable
SES-related Variables
Not applicable
How To Use
Administration
Who Administered
Self-administered
Researcher-administered
How Administered
In-person
Web-based
Time Required
45 minutes
Training Required
Yes, time not reported
Instructions on Use
Not Reported
Data Analysis
Data Collection/Analysis Costs
Not reported
Data Collection/Protocol
Two trained researchers visited the homes of participants. During the home visit, researchers and parents simultaneously, but independently, assessed the physical and sedentary activity environment of parents' home environments using the Home Opportunities for Physical activity check-Up (HOP-Up) pencil and paper format. Parents completed the entire questionnaire and researchers completed only the items that could be readily observed. Researchers assessed the neighborhood using online resources (e.g., Google Maps) and conducted visual observations upon arrival into the neighborhood. Parents completed the questionnaire again, two weeks later, using an online format.
Instructions on Data Analysis
Instructions on analysis included in article
Validity (3)
| Type of validity | Construct/subscale assessed | Criterion measure used | Test/statistic used | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Criterion | Home Opportunities for Physical Activity Check-Up, Physical Activity Environment Inside the Home scale items, parent | Home Opportunities for Physical Activity Check-Up, Physical Activity Environment Inside the Home scale items, researcher | Intraclass correlations (ICC) | ICC = 0.29 to 0.59 |
| Criterion | Home Opportunities for Physical Activity Check-Up, Physical Activity Environment in the Area Immediately Outside the Home (Yard) scale items, parent | Home Opportunities for Physical Activity Check-Up, Physical Activity Environment in the Area Immediately Outside the Home (Yard) scale items, researcher | Intraclass correlations (ICC) | ICC = 0.22 to 0.86 |
| Criterion | Home Opportunities for Physical Activity Check-Up, Physical Activity Environment in the Neighborhood scale items, parent | Home Opportunities for Physical Activity Check-Up, Physical Activity Environment in the Neighborhood scale items, researcher | Intraclass correlations (ICC) | ICC = 0.48 to 0.81 |
Reliability (3)
| Type of reliability | Construct/subscale assessed | Test/statistic used | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| Test-retest | Home Opportunities for Physical Activity Check-Up, Physical Activity Environment Inside the Home scale items | Intraclass correlations (ICC) | ICC = 0.45 to 0.90 |
| Test-retest | Home Opportunities for Physical Activity Check-Up, Physical Activity Environment in the Area Immediately Outside the Home (Yard) scale items | Intraclass correlations (ICC) | ICC = 0.45 to 0.95 |
| Test-retest | Home Opportunities for Physical Activity Check-Up, Physical Activity Environment in the Neighborhood scale items | Intraclass correlations (ICC) | ICC = 0.42 to 0.92 |